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The village of Ngadas is home to 1,898 people in central Java. Ngadas is inhabited by the Tengger tribe, who claim to be the descendants of the Majapahit princes. This community acts as the protectors of the mountain, Mount Bromo Volcano, one of the most sacred sites in Indonesia. Over the past few decades, the Tengger people’s land has been subjected to illegal logging activities by external parties, and younger generations have begun relocating to urban areas. This has caused a loss of cultural retention in the area, leaving the older generation to sustain themselves. The Tenggerese people rely mostly on subsistence agriculture as their main source of income; with changes to climate in recent years, crop yields have also varied. Ngadas village had been introduced to homestay programs by the local government as part of a community tourism development program. Unfortunately, the homestays were left widely unvisited by travellers despite the community’s unique culture.

Hilltribe trekking in Northern Thailand has been a popular tourist experience over the last 20 years; however, the product has not changed much and the most popular routes visited are saturated with limited benefits to the greater hill-tribe communities. There are several hill-tribe communities between Chiang Mai and the Myanmar border that have limited access to the tourism market as they are deemed too far and too remote to access by many tour operators. 

These communities mainly rely on subsistence agriculture as a primary source of income and utilize slash-and-burn agricultural techniques to farm their heavily forested areas. With unpredictable weather patterns, harvest and crop yields have become less consistent over time, and a means to develop alternative livelihood programs and income-generating activities for the remote hill-tribe communities is vital.